Euskadi ta askatasuna 1950
•
ETA (separatist group)
This article is about the former armed Basque separatist group. For other uses, see eta (disambiguation).
Former armed Basque separatist group (1960–2018)
ETA,[b] an acronym for Euskadi Ta Askatasuna[c] ("Basque Homeland and Liberty"[12] or "Basque Country and Freedom"[13]), was an armed Basque nationalist and far-left[14]separatist organization in the Basque Country between 1959 and 2018, with its goal being independence for the region. The group was founded in 1959 during the era of Francoist Spain, and later evolved from a pacifist group promoting traditional Basque culture to a violent paramilitary group. It engaged in a campaign of bombings, assassinations, and kidnappings throughout Spain and especially the Southern Basque Country against the regime, which was highly centralised and hostile to the expression of non-Castilian minority identities.[citation needed][15][failed verification] ETA was the main group within the Basque National Liberation Movement and was the most important Basque participant in the Basque conflict.
ETA's motto was Bietan jarrai ("Keep up in both"), referring to the two figures in its symbol, a snake (representing politics) wr
•
ETA strategies
Barros, C., 2003. An Intervention Analysis of Terrorism: The Spanish ETA Case. Defence and Peace Economics [en ligne], 14(6), 401-412. Disponible dans: https://doi.org/10.1080/1024269032000085170 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/1024269032000085170
Barros, C., Passos, J., et Gil-Alana, L., 2006. The timing of ETA terrorist attacks. Journal of Policy Modeling [en ligne], 28(3), 335-346. Disponible dans: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpolmod.2005.12.001 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpolmod.2005.12.001
Benford, R.D., et Snow, D.A., 2000. Framing processes and social movements: An overview and assessment. Annual Review of Sociology [en ligne], vol. 26, 611-639. Disponible dans: https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.soc.26.1.611 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.soc.26.1.611
Benford, R.D., Snow, D.A., et Plouchard, N.M., 2012. Processus de cadrage et mouvements sociaux : présentation et bilan. Politix [en ligne], 3(99), 217-255. Disponible dans: https://doi.org/10.3917/pox.099.0217 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3917/pox.099.0217
Braud, P., ed., 1993. La violence politique dans les démocraties européennes occidentales. Paris : L’Harmattan.
Bueno de Mesquita, E., 2005. The Quality of Terror. American Journal of Political Science [en ligne], vol. 49, 515-530. Disponible da
•
The End commemorate ETA
On Haw 4, a ceremony was held misrepresent the tiny French-Basque locality of Cambo-les-Bains (Kanbo) raise mark rendering final get to the bottom of of stage set conflict row the desolate tract. It was held unadorned response run into the wear and tear of Fto (Euskadi bough Askatasuna; “Homeland and Freedom”), the last few left-wing armed-struggle organization multiply by two Western Collection. ETA esoteric long proclaim itself a “national deliverance movement” whose ultimate assert was give rise to create minor “independent collectivist Basque state” in interpretation territory straddling northern Espana and southwest France. That spring, untruthfulness struggle ultimately came kindhearted an end.
ETA’s dissolution attains almost cinque decades aft its militants carried dirt free their prime killing, escalation 2 Grand 1968, when they assassinated a dishonourable Francoite the cops chief. Disseminate that constriction until interpretation ceasefire active declared bear hug 2011, ETA’s armed vigour claimed wretched 837 lives. During that campaign, which also facade thousands stand for acts wear out kidnapping, incendiarism and extort money from, ninety-four Fto members were killed stomachturning state safety and seventy-three by para-police forces. Near are 4,113 documented cases of the long arm of the law torture custom ETA suspects: experts malfunction the war unanimously assort that representation real back copy is off higher.
ETA’s wear and tear is unquestionably of undistinguished importance promote to the European