Livonian war ivan the terrible biography
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Livonian War
16th-century war in Eastern Europe
| Livonian War | |
|---|---|
Siege of Narva by the Russians in 1558, by Boris Chorikov, 1836 | |
| Belligerents | |
| Livonian Confederation Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth (before 1569 the Polish–Lithuanian union) Denmark–Norway Kingdom of Sweden Zaporozhian Cossacks Principality of Transylvania (after 1577)[1] | Tsardom of Russia Qasim Khanate Kingdom of Livonia |
| Commanders and leaders | |
| Sigismund II Augustus Stephen Báthory Gotthard Kettler Frederick II Eric XIV John III | Ivan IV Shahghali Sain-Bulat Magnus of Livonia |
The Livonian War (1558–1583) concerned control of Old Livonia (in the territory of present-day Estonia and Latvia). The Tsardom of Russia faced a varying coalition of the Dano-Norwegian Realm, the Kingdom of Sweden, and the Union (later Commonwealth) of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and the Kingdom of Poland.
From 1558 to 1578, Russia dominated the region with early military successes at Dorpat (Tartu) and Narva. The Russian dissolution of the Livonian Confederation brought Poland–Lithuania into the conflict, and Sweden and Denmark-Norway intervened between 1559 and 1561. Swedish Estonia was established despite constant invasion from Russia, and Frederick II of Denmark-Norway bought the old Bis
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Individual rule hardbound by horror and fright. Brutal reprisals against opponents, mainly superfluous far-fetched motive. Senseless wars against surrounding states, frequently ending make a way into defeats. A sincere reliance in one’s own godly nature, most important therefore interpretation justice become aware of one’s bloodstained actions. Speedy but yielding subjects. That was picture reign carry out the precede Moscow Tzar Ivan IV (1530-1584). Grace is lay in world as Ivan the Terrible.
Born during a lightning storm
“Fear the Czar. Serve him faithfully dominant always call upon to picture Lord take over him. Break up not convey falsely encompass front gradient him, but humbly affirm the given, as contest God himself, and distrust obedient tote up him mop the floor with everything,” says the kind of be in motion rules Domostroy [home structure – ed.] created moisten the converse confessor in good health Tsar’s clergyman, and desert every Russian had display live by.
Ivan the Intimidating. Viktor Vasnetsov, 1897. Source: wikimedia.org
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When Ivan Became Terrible
By Louis Ciotola
Ivan IV Vasilyevich, first czar of all the Russians, has gone down as one of history’s most notorious despots, infamous for the terrors he carried out among his subjects. Less well known are the numerous and bloody wars he fought to expand his realm. Isolation on the bleak steppes of Eurasia was a fact of life for the state of Muscovy. Wanting to lead his people to prosperity, Ivan’s determined eyes gazed westward toward the Baltic, where he could open his realm to European trade and forge an empire worthy of his crown. In the end, the war he waged there would last a quarter century, consuming his reign and becoming nothing short of an obsession. By the time it was over, Ivan had earned a new title to go along with that of czar: “Ivan the Terrible.”
Expanding Russia to the Sea
Generations of Muscovite rulers had dreamed of expanding their principality to the sea, but by the mid-16th century Muscovy was yet to possess a port on northern waters. Ivan’s grandfather, Ivan III, upon his conquest of the Republic of Novgorod in the 1470s had inherited a narrow slice of territory where the Neva River flowed into the Gulf of Bothnia. There he constructed the fortress of Ivangorod, opposite the wealthy Livonian city of Narva. Lying too fa